国家手册：匈牙利文化 from GoogleReader

http://article.yeeyan.org/view/359535/329812

译者 本一雷云

Hungary, in English officially the Republic of Hungary, or Magyar in Hungarian, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. The official language is Hungarian.

匈牙利，英国正式匈牙利共和国，匈牙利在匈牙利，是欧洲中部内陆国家，与奥地利，斯洛伐克，乌克兰，罗马尼亚，塞尔维亚，克罗地亚和斯洛文尼亚接壤。它的首都是布达佩斯。官方语言是匈牙利语。

Like many countries in Central and Eastern Europe, Hungary stands at a very significant crossroads. A significant power until the end of World War I, in which Hungary lost over 70% of its territory, along with 3.3 million people of Hungarian ethnicity, it is still recovering from years of repression. The country lost eight of its ten biggest Hungarian cities at this time as well. The kingdom also underwent a Communist era from 1947–1989, during which Hungary gained widespread international attention regarding the Revolution of 1956 and the seminal move of opening its border with Austria in 1989, thus accelerating the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. The present form of government is a parliamentary republic (since 1989).

像许多在中欧和东欧的国家一样，匈牙利处于一个非常重要的十字路口处。在一战中失去了70%的人口，三百三十万匈牙利种族的人民，但是他仍然从多年的压抑中恢复过来，并具有重大力量。该国在当时也损失了十个最大城市中的八个。该王国也经历了一个共产主义时代，从1947年至1989年，1956年的革命和1989年对奥地利边境开放的开创性举措使匈牙利备受国际关注，因此加速了东方集团的崩溃。目前的政府形式是议会制共和国。（1989年至今）

In the past decade, Hungary was listed as one of the 15 most popular tourist destinations in the world. The country is home to the largest thermal water cave system and the second largest thermal lake in the world (Lake Hévíz), the largest lake in Central Europe (Lake Balaton), and the largest natural grasslands in Europe (Hortobágy).

在过去的十年，匈牙利是世界最著名的旅游目的地之一。该国有最大的热水溶洞系统和世界第二大温水湖（ Hévíz湖），中欧最大的湖泊（巴拉顿湖），和欧洲最大的草原（霍尔托巴吉草原）。

Geography

行政区划

Administratively, Hungary is divided into 19 counties. In addition, the capital city Budapest is independent of any county government. The counties are further subdivided into 173 subregions (kistérségek), and Budapest is its own subregion. Since 1996, the counties and City of Budapest have been grouped into 7 regions for statistical and development purposes.

在行政上，匈牙利被分为19个县。另外，首都布达佩斯独立于任何县政府。这些县又被细分为173个次区域，并且布达佩斯有自己的次区域。1996年以来，各县市和布达佩斯被分为7个统计数据和发展目的的区域。

Language .

语言

For 95% of the population, the mother language is Hungarian, a Finno-Ugric language unrelated to any neighbouring language and distantly related to Finnish and Estonian. The main Minority group are the Roma (2.1% - 10%). Other groups include: Germans (1.2%), Slovaks (0.4%), Croats and Bunjevcis(0.2%), Romanians (0.1%), Ukrainians (0.1%), and Serbs (0.1%).

95%的人口，母语是匈牙利语，一个芬兰 - 乌戈尔语的语言跟任何邻国语言无关并与芬兰和爱沙尼亚亲缘关系较远。主要的少数群体是罗姆人（2.1%-10%）。其他群体包括：德国人（1.2%，）斯洛伐克（0.4%），克罗地亚和 Bunjevcis(0.2%), 罗马尼亚（0.1%），乌克兰（0.1），和塞尔维亚（0.1%）。

Religion

宗教

The majority of Hungarian people became Christian in the 10th century. By the 17th century, Hungary had become predominantly Catholic. Some of the eastern parts of the country, however, especially around Debrecen ("the Calvinist Rome"), still have significant Protestant communities. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notably, Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.

在十世纪，大多数匈牙利人成为了基督徒。到17世纪，匈牙利已经成为主要的天主教。改过一些东部地区，尤其是在德布勒森（加尔文主义的罗马），仍然具有显著地新教社区。在匈牙利的东正教已经成为少数民族的国家的宗教，值得注意的是，罗马尼亚人，Rusyns，乌克兰和塞尔维亚人。

Hungary has been the home of a sizable Armenian community as well. Faith Church, one of Europe's largest pentecostal churches is also located in Hungary. Faith Church accepts the results and spiritual, moral values of both early Christianity and the Reformation, as well as other revival movements serving the progress of the Christian faith. Based on the 1% tax designation to churches, Faith Church is the fourth most supported church in Hungary. The weekly Sunday service of the Church is regularly broadcasted in live television.

匈牙利是一个相当大的亚美尼亚社区的家。信心堂，欧洲最大的五旬节派教堂就在匈牙利。信仰教会接受的是结果和精神，早期的基督教义和改革的道德观念，以及其他复兴运动对基督教信仰进展的服务。基于1％的税到教堂，信仰教会在匈牙利是第四大最受支持的教会。每周的星期日教会服务定期在电视直播中播出。

Hungary has historically been home to a significant Jewish community, especially since the 19th century when many Jews, persecuted in Russia, found refuge in the Kingdom of Hungary. Most Jewish people live in the downtown of Budapest, especially in district VI. The largest synagogue in Europe is located in Budapest.

匈牙利历史上曾是一个显着的犹太社区，尤其是自19世纪以来，当许多犹太人在俄罗斯遭到迫害，来到匈牙利王国寻求庇护。大多数犹太人民生活在布达佩斯市中心，特别是第六区。欧洲最大的犹太教堂，就坐落在布达佩斯。

Food

食物

The Hungarian cuisine is a prominent feature of the Hungarian culture. Traditional dishes such as the world famous Goulash are often flavoured with paprika (ground red peppers), a Hungarian innovation. Thick, heavy Hungarian sour cream called tejföl is often used to soften the dishes flavor. A Hungarian hot river fish soup called Fisherman's soup is usually a rich mixture of several kinds of poached fish. Other dishes are Chicken Paprikash, Foie gras made of goose liver, stew, vadas, (game stew with vegetable gravy and dumplings), trout with almonds and salty and sweet dumplings, like túrós csusza, (dumplings with fresh quark cheese and thick sour cream). Desserts include the iconic Dobos Cake, Strudels filled with apple, cherry, poppy seed or cheese, Gundel pancake, plum dumplings, dessert soups like chilled Sour cherry soup and sweet chestnut puree, gesztenyepüré (cooked chestnuts mashed with sugar and rum and split into crumbs, topped with whipped cream). Perec and kifli are widely popular pastries.

匈牙利美食有着匈牙利文化的典型特征。传统的菜肴像世界著名的匈牙利红烩牛肉通常用红辣椒烹饪，一种匈牙利人的特制方法。人们通常用厚重的匈牙利酸奶tejföl来柔和菜的味道。匈牙利热鱼汤通常叫做渔民的汤是由许多种鱼一起水煮而成的。其他的菜如鸡肉 Paprikash，鹅肝酱，炖汤等（由蔬菜和饺子炖成）。鳟鱼，像túrós csusza ，杏仁，咸中带甜饺子（饺子用新鲜的夸克奶酪和酸奶）。甜品包括标志性的Dobos蛋糕，水果馅饼充满了苹果，樱桃，罂粟种子和奶酪， Gundel煎饼，梅花饺子，点心冷酸樱桃汤，甜栗子泥汤一样， gesztenyepüré （捣碎的熟栗子糖和朗姆酒和分割成屑，淋上鲜奶油）。佩雷克和kifli也受到广泛欢迎。

Borozó usually denotes a cozy old-fashioned wine tavern, pince is a beer or wine cellar and a sörözo is a pub offering draught beer and sometimes meals. The bisztró is an inexpensive restaurant often with self-service. The büfé is the cheapest place, although one may have to eat standing at a counter. Pastries, cakes and coffee are served at the confectionery called cukrászda, while an eszpresszó is a cafeteria.

通常， Borozó表示一个舒适的老式酒馆，夹鼻是啤酒或葡萄酒酒窖和一个sörözo的一间酒吧，提供生啤酒，有时还提供饭菜。该bisztró是一种廉价的餐厅往往是自我服务。 BUFE是最便宜的地方，尽管可能在柜台站着吃。糕点，蛋糕和咖啡的糖果称为cukrászda的供应， ，而eszpresszó是一间自助餐厅。

Drinks

饮料

Pálinka: is a fruit brandy, distilled from fruit grown in the orchards situated on the Great Hungarian Plain. It is a spirit native to Hungary and comes in a variety of flavours including apricot (barack) and cherry (cseresznye). However, plum (szilva) is the most popular flavour.

Pálinka ：是一种水果白兰地，从生长在匈牙利大平原的果园里的水果中提取。对匈牙利人来说它是一种精神，原产于匈牙利，有各种口味，包括杏（贝拉克· ）和樱花（ cseresznye ） 。然而，梅子味（ szilva ）是最受欢迎的味道。

The five main Hungarian breweries are: Borsodi, Soproni, Arany Ászok, Kõbányai, and Dreher.

匈牙利五个主要的酿酒厂是：Borsodi ，绍普罗尼， Ászok的Arany ， Kõbányai和德雷尔。

Zwack Unicum: For over 150 years, a blend of 40 Hungarian herbs has been used to create the liqueur Unicum. Unicum is a bitter, dark-coloured liqueur that can be drunk as an apéritif or after a meal, thus helping the digestion. The recipe is held secret by the Zwack family.

茨瓦克独角：在过去的150多年中，40种混合的匈牙利草药被用来创建利口酒独角。独角是一种苦的，深色的利口酒，可作为开胃酒或饭后喝，帮助消化。配方被茨瓦克家族秘密保存着。

Recreation

娱乐

Hungary is a land of thermal water. A passion for spa culture and Hungarian history have been connected from the very beginning. It has been shown that Hungarian spa culture is multicultural. The basis of this claim is architecture: Hungarian spas feature Roman, Greek, Turkish, and northern country architectural elements.

匈牙利是温泉之都。匈牙利人历史上就对温泉文化十分钟爱。匈牙利文化是多元化的。这一说法的基础是建筑：匈牙利的温泉场所的建筑有罗马，希腊，土耳其和北方国家的建筑元素。

Hungary's most outstanding annual events include the Budapest Spring Festival, which takes place in the last two weeks of March. Its main emphasis is on symphony orchestra concerts, opera and ballet performances which will appeal to the widest audience, but the program also includes open-air events and an Operetta Festival. The performances take place in the capital's most important concert halls and theatres, and often near historic monuments.

匈牙利最重要的节日是布达佩斯春节，在每年三月的最后两周。人们主要会去交响剧团听音乐，看歌剧和表演。同时这些表演也会在露天场所进行，也会有轻歌剧。表演是在首都最重要的音乐大厅和剧院进行，通常在历史纪念物附近。

Hungarian folk art, including dances, music, cross stitchings, embroideries, costumes, potteries, wood carvings, basket wavings, porcelains etc. has a long and rich history which play a significant role in local folk traditions and customs.

匈牙利民间艺术包括舞蹈，音乐，十字绣，刺绣，陶艺，木雕和瓷器等。民间艺术历史悠久在民间传统习俗中占重要地位。

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